Error Culture and Psychological Safety in Teams

FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions

Here you will find the most important answers.

Is training on communication and collaboration required by law for companies?

No – German law does not impose a general obligation to train employees in conducting conversations, presenting, or teamwork. At two points, however, these topics touch on genuine employer obligations. The first is Section 12 of the General Act on Equal Treatment (AGG). Under Section 12 (1) AGG, the employer must take the necessary measures to protect against discrimination, including preventive measures. Section 12 (2) sentence 2 AGG attaches a legal consequence to this that is central in practice: if the employer has trained its employees in a suitable manner for the purpose of preventing discrimination, this is deemed to fulfill its obligations under subsection 1. Training is thus the means named in the Act itself for fulfilling the obligation. The second is the risk assessment under Section 5 of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (ArbSchG). There, subsection 3 no. 6 expressly names mental strain at work as a possible source of hazard, and no. 5 additionally names insufficient qualification and instruction of employees. For the other topics in this category – presenting, feedback, networking, intercultural collaboration – there is no legal obligation; training on them is provided for business reasons.

Which questions are inadmissible in a job interview under the AGG – and what does a violation cost?

Questions that relate to one of the grounds listed in Section 1 AGG are inadmissible: race or ethnic origin, sex, religion or belief, disability, age, and sexual identity. The prohibition of discrimination in Section 7 (1) AGG also applies in the application process: Section 2 (1) no. 1 AGG expressly covers selection criteria and recruitment conditions, and Section 6 (1) sentence 2 AGG puts applicants on an equal footing with employees. Under Section 15 (2) AGG, a person who has been discriminated against can claim appropriate monetary compensation; in the case of non-hiring, this may not exceed three months' salary if the person would not have been hired even in a discrimination-free selection. In addition, there is a claim for damages under Section 15 (1) AGG. Under Section 15 (4) AGG, claims must be asserted in writing within two months, calculated from receipt of the rejection. Under Section 15 (6) AGG, a violation does not give rise to a claim to the position itself. It follows that questions that cannot be derived from the job requirements have no place in the interview. A fixed catalog of questions and an evaluation form make the decision traceable.

Does the risk assessment of mental strain also have to cover conflicts and social relationships in the team?

Yes – social relationships at work are one of six design areas of the risk assessment of mental strain. The legal basis is Section 5 (1) in conjunction with Section 5 (3) no. 6 ArbSchG, which names mental strain as a source of hazard. The GDA recommendations "Berücksichtigung psychischer Belastung in der Gefährdungsbeurteilung" (Consideration of Mental Strain in Risk Assessment) (4th edition 2022, Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs) name the following design areas: work content and tasks, work organization, working time, social relationships at work, working environment conditions, and the use of work equipment. As hazardous conditions, they list, among other things, frequent disputes, conflicts, and violence, destructive behavior such as belittling, exclusion, discrimination, and harassment, a lack of social support, and – in the case of superiors – a lack of feedback and recognition. Two design objectives relate directly to qualification: rules for dealing with conflicts and mistakes – an open error culture – and sufficient time and qualification opportunities for managers to shape social relationships in the workplace in an appreciative way.

What is psychological safety in a team, and how does it affect team performance?

Psychological safety is the shared belief of the members of a team that the team is a safe place for interpersonal risks – in the original, "a shared belief held by members of a team that the team is safe for interpersonal risk taking." This refers to everyday risks: asking questions, admitting a mistake, raising concerns, disagreeing. The term was introduced by Amy Edmondson in 1999 in Administrative Science Quarterly (Volume 44, Issue 2, pp. 350–383). Her field study of 51 work teams in a manufacturing company found that psychological safety is associated with the team's learning behavior, whereas the team's efficacy beliefs are not; learning behavior mediates between safety and team performance. In practice, this means that psychological safety does not arise from appeals, but from concrete behavior in everyday work – how questions are responded to, how mistakes are discussed, whether there is room for concerns. The GDA recommendations on the risk assessment of mental strain (4th edition 2022) point in the same direction: they name as a design objective rules for dealing with conflicts and mistakes – an open error culture.

How can the level of escalation of a conflict in a team be assessed?

The phase model of escalation presented by conflict researcher Friedrich Glasl in 1980 classifies conflicts into nine escalation stages, divided into three main phases of three stages each. In the first main phase, both sides can still win (win-win); in the second, one side wins at the expense of the other (win-lose); in the third, both lose (lose-lose). Stages one to three range from the hardening of positions through debate and polemics to "actions, not words," when verbal communication breaks down. Between the main phases lie main thresholds: if the first is respected, a cooperative solution on the factual level remains possible; the second marks whether moral and ethical scruples still have an effect. The benefit of this classification: it determines the right time to intervene before a threshold is crossed. Mediation puts interests rather than positions at the center. It is based on voluntariness, multi-partiality, and confidentiality; the conflict discussion proceeds in phases from clarifying the mandate through topics, interests, and options to the agreement. Where your own mediation efforts reach their limits, external support must be brought in.

How long does an online training course on communication and teamwork take at Bridgly?

An online training course from the Communication & Teamwork category takes 55 minutes at Bridgly. The category comprises 19 courses on preparing and conducting conversations, presenting in person and in virtual settings, feedback, conflict management and mediation, error culture and psychological safety, knowledge transfer in succession, networking, and intercultural competence with dedicated courses on China, the USA, and the Arab states. Each course can be booked individually or as part of a package. The "Communication" package bundles 10 courses on conversations, presence, and presentation; the "Team & Collaboration" package bundles 9 courses on collaboration, feedback, conflicts, and intercultural teams. Together, all 19 courses add up to just over 17 hours of learning time. The courses have a multimodal structure, are available in more than 30 languages, and conclude with a learning assessment that documents completion. Content, design, and settings can be adapted to your own organization; for companies with their own learning management system, export as SCORM 1.2 or SCORM 2004 is available.

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Error Culture and Psychological Safety in Teams

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Frequently Asked Questions

Train your employees in a legally compliant and verifiable way